# Introduction to the `ir`class

#### Henning Teickner

# Introduction

## Purpose

The purpose of this vignette is to describe the structure and methods of objects of class `ir`. `ir` objects are used by the ‘ir’ package to store spectra and their metadata. This vignette could be helpful if you want to understand better how the ‘ir’ package works, how to handle metadata, how to manipulate `ir` objects, or if you want to construct a subclass based on the `ir`class.

This vignette does not give an overview on how to use the ‘ir’ package, on functions for spectral preprocessing, and on how to plot `ir` objects. For this, see vignette Introduction to the ‘ir’ package.

## Structure

This vignette has three parts:

1. The `ir` class
2. Subsetting and modifying `ir` objects
3. Special functions to manipulate `ir objects`

In part The `ir` class, I will describe the structure of `ir` objects and list available methods for it.

In part Subsetting and modifying `ir` objects, I will show how `ir` objects can be subsetted and modified (including tidyverse functions).

In part Special functions to manipulate `ir objects`, I will present some more specialized functions to manipulate the data in `ir` objects (including the spectra).

## Preparation

To follow this vignette, you have to install the ‘ir’ package as described in the Readme file and you have to load it:

    library(ir)

# The `ir` class

Objects of class `ir` are in principle data frames (or `tibble`s):

    ir_sample_data

Each row represents one measurement for a spectrum. The `ir` object must a column `spectra` which is a list of data frames, each element representing a spectrum.

Besides this, `ir` objects may have additional columns with metadata. This is useful to analyze spectra of samples in an integrated way with other data, for example nitrogen content (see part Subsetting and modifying `ir` objects).

The `spectra` column is a list of data frames, each element representing a spectrum. The data frames have a row for each intensity values measured for a spectral channel (“x axis value”, e.g. wavenumber) and a column `x` storing the wavenumber values and a column `y` storing the respective intensity values. No additional columns are allowed:

    head(ir_sample_data$spectra[[1]])
    #> # A tibble: 6 × 2
    #>       x        y
    #>   <int>    <dbl>
    #> 1  4000 0.000361
    #> 2  3999 0.000431
    #> 3  3998 0.000501
    #> 4  3997 0.000571
    #> 5  3996 0.000667
    #> 6  3995 0.000704

If there is no spectrum available for a sample, an empty data frame is a placeholder:

    d <- ir_sample_data
    d$spectra[[1]] <- d$spectra[[1]][0, ]
    d$spectra[[1]]

    ir_normalize(d, method = "area")

    #> # A tibble: 0 × 2
    #> # ℹ 2 variables: x <int>, y <dbl>

Currently, the following methods are available for `ir` objects:

    methods(class = "ir")
    #>  [1] $        $<-      Ops      [        [<-      [[       [[<-     cbind
    #>  [9] filter   ir_as_ir max      median   min      plot     range    rbind
    #> [17] rep
    #> see '?methods' for accessing help and source code

# Subsetting and modifying `ir` objects

## Subsetting works as for data frames

Since `ir` objects are data frames, subsetting and modifying works the same way as for data frames. For example, specific rows (= measurements) can be filtered:

    ir_sample_data[5:10, ]

The advantage of storing spectra as list columns is that filtering spectral data and metadata and other data can be performed simultaneously.

One exception is that while subsetting, one must not remove the `spectra` column. If it is removed, the `ir` class attribute is dropped:

    d1 <- ir_sample_data

    class(d1[, setdiff(colnames(d), "id_sample")])
    #> [1] "ir"         "tbl_df"     "tbl"        "data.frame"

    d1$spectra <- NULL
    class(d1)
    #> [1] "tbl_df"     "tbl"        "data.frame"

Another exception is that when the `spectra` column contains unsupported elements (e.g. wrong column names, additional columns, duplicated “x axis values”), the object also loses its `ir` class:

    d2 <- ir_sample_data
    d2$spectra[[1]] <- rep(d2$spectra[[1]], 2)
    class(d2)
    #> [1] "tbl_df"     "tbl"        "data.frame"

    d3 <- ir_sample_data
    colnames(d3$spectra[[1]]) <- c("a", "b")
    class(d3)
    #> [1] "tbl_df"     "tbl"        "data.frame"

## Tidyverse methods are supported

Tidyverse methods for manipulating ir objects are also supported. For example, we can use `mutate` to add new variables and we can use pipes (`%>%`) to make coding and reading code easier:

    library(dplyr)
    #> Warning: package 'dplyr' was built under R version 4.5.2
    #>
    #> Attaching package: 'dplyr'
    #> The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
    #>
    #>     filter, lag
    #> The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
    #>
    #>     intersect, setdiff, setequal, union

    d <- ir_sample_data

    d <-
      d |>
      mutate(a = rnorm(n = length(spectra)))

    head(ir_sample_data)

Or, a another example, we can summarize spectra for some defined groups (here the maximum intensity value for each “x axis value” and unique `sample_type` value):

    library(purrr)
    #> Warning: package 'purrr' was built under R version 4.5.2
    library(ggplot2)
    #> Warning: package 'ggplot2' was built under R version 4.5.2

    d2 <-
      d |>
      group_by(sample_type) |>
      summarize(
        spectra = {
          res <- map_dfc(spectra, function(.x) .x[, 2, drop = TRUE])
          spectra[[1]] |>
            dplyr::mutate(
              y =
                res |>
                rowwise() |>
                mutate(y = max(c_across(everything()))) |>
                pull(y)
            ) |>
            list()
        },
        .groups = "drop"
      )

    plot(d2) +
      facet_wrap(~ sample_type)

# Special functions to manipulate `ir objects`

There are some more special functions to manipulate `ir` objects which are not described in vignette Introduction to the ‘ir’ package. These will be described here.

## Replicating data

Sometimes, it is useful to replicate one or multiple measurements. This can be done with the `rep()` method for `ir` objects. For example, we can replicate the second spectrum in `ir_sample_data`:

    ir_sample_data |>
      slice(2) |>
      rep(20)

## Calculating with spectra

The `ir` packages supports arithmetic operations with spectra, i.e. addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of intensity values with the same “x axis values”. For example, we can subtract the third spectrum in `ir_sample_data` from the second:

    ir_sample_data |>
      slice(2) |>
      ir_subtract(y = ir_sample_data[3, ]) |>
      dplyr::mutate(id_sample = "subtraction_result") |>
      rbind(ir_sample_data[2:3, ]) |>
      plot() +
      facet_wrap(~ id_sample)

Note that all metadata of the first argument (`x`) will be retained, but not of the second (`y`). This is why we had to manually change `id_sample` before `rbind`ing the other spectra above. Note also that `x` can contain multiple spectra, `y` must either only contain one spectrum or the same number of spectra as `x` in which case spectra of matching rows are subtracted (added, multiplied, divided):

    # This will not work
    ir_sample_data |>
      slice(6) |>
      ir_add(y = ir_sample_data[3:4, ])
    #> Error in `ir_prepare_Ops()`:
    #> ! `y` must either have only one row or as many rows as `x`.

    # but this will
    ir_sample_data |>
      slice(2:6) |>
      ir_add(y = ir_sample_data[3, ])
    #> # A tibble: 5 × 7
    #>   id_measurement id_sample sample_type sample_comment              klason_lignin
    #> *          <int> <chr>     <chr>       <chr>                       <units>
    #> 1              2 GN 11-400 needles     Cupressocyparis leylandii … 0.339405
    #> 2              3 GN 11-407 needles     Juniperus chinensis Chines… 0.267552
    #> 3              4 GN 11-411 needles     Metasequoia glyptostroboid… 0.350016
    #> 4              5 GN 11-416 needles     Pinus strobus Torulosa      0.331100
    #> 5              6 GN 11-419 needles     Pseudolarix amabili Golden… 0.279360
    #> # ℹ 2 more variables: holocellulose <units>, spectra <list>

Note that arithmetic operations are also available as infix operators, i.e. it is possible to compute:

    ir_sample_data[2, ] + ir_sample_data[3, ]
    #> # A tibble: 1 × 7
    #>   id_measurement id_sample sample_type sample_comment              klason_lignin
    #> *          <int> <chr>     <chr>       <chr>                       <units>
    #> 1              2 GN 11-400 needles     Cupressocyparis leylandii … 0.339405
    #> # ℹ 2 more variables: holocellulose <units>, spectra <list>
    ir_sample_data[2, ] - ir_sample_data[3, ]
    #> # A tibble: 1 × 7
    #>   id_measurement id_sample sample_type sample_comment              klason_lignin
    #> *          <int> <chr>     <chr>       <chr>                       <units>
    #> 1              2 GN 11-400 needles     Cupressocyparis leylandii … 0.339405
    #> # ℹ 2 more variables: holocellulose <units>, spectra <list>
    ir_sample_data[2, ] * ir_sample_data[3, ]
    #> # A tibble: 1 × 7
    #>   id_measurement id_sample sample_type sample_comment              klason_lignin
    #> *          <int> <chr>     <chr>       <chr>                       <units>
    #> 1              2 GN 11-400 needles     Cupressocyparis leylandii … 0.339405
    #> # ℹ 2 more variables: holocellulose <units>, spectra <list>
    ir_sample_data[2, ] / ir_sample_data[3, ]
    #> # A tibble: 1 × 7
    #>   id_measurement id_sample sample_type sample_comment              klason_lignin
    #> *          <int> <chr>     <chr>       <chr>                       <units>
    #> 1              2 GN 11-400 needles     Cupressocyparis leylandii … 0.339405
    #> # ℹ 2 more variables: holocellulose <units>, spectra <list>

# Further information

Many more functions and options to handle and process spectra are available in the ‘ir’ package. These are described in the documentation. In the documentation, you can also read more details about the functions and options presented here.
To learn more about how `ir` objects can be useful can be plotted, and the spectral preprocessing functions, see the vignette Introduction to the ‘ir’ package.

# Sources

The data contained in the `csv` file used in this vignette are derived from Hodgkins et al. (2018)

# Session info

    #> R version 4.5.0 (2025-04-11 ucrt)
    #> Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64
    #> Running under: Windows 11 x64 (build 26200)
    #>
    #> Matrix products: default
    #>   LAPACK version 3.12.1
    #>
    #> locale:
    #> [1] LC_COLLATE=C                    LC_CTYPE=German_Germany.utf8
    #> [3] LC_MONETARY=German_Germany.utf8 LC_NUMERIC=C
    #> [5] LC_TIME=German_Germany.utf8
    #>
    #> time zone: Europe/Berlin
    #> tzcode source: internal
    #>
    #> attached base packages:
    #> [1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base
    #>
    #> other attached packages:
    #> [1] ggplot2_4.0.1 purrr_1.2.1   dplyr_1.1.4   ir_0.4.2
    #>
    #> loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
    #>  [1] sass_0.4.10         utf8_1.2.6          generics_0.1.4
    #>  [4] tidyr_1.3.2         xml2_1.5.2          hyperSpec_0.100.3
    #>  [7] jpeg_0.1-11         lattice_0.22-6      digest_0.6.39
    #> [10] magrittr_2.0.4      evaluate_1.0.5      grid_4.5.0
    #> [13] RColorBrewer_1.1-3  fastmap_1.2.0       jsonlite_2.0.0
    #> [16] brio_1.1.5          scales_1.4.0        lazyeval_0.2.2
    #> [19] jquerylib_0.1.4     Rdpack_2.6.5        cli_3.6.5
    #> [22] rlang_1.1.7         rbibutils_2.4.1     withr_3.0.2
    #> [25] cachem_1.1.0        yaml_2.3.12         otel_0.2.0
    #> [28] tools_4.5.0         deldir_2.0-4        interp_1.1-6
    #> [31] vctrs_0.7.1         R6_2.6.1            png_0.1-8
    #> [34] lifecycle_1.0.5     pkgconfig_2.0.3     pillar_1.11.1
    #> [37] bslib_0.10.0        gtable_0.3.6        glue_1.8.0
    #> [40] Rcpp_1.1.1          xfun_0.56           tibble_3.3.1
    #> [43] tidyselect_1.2.1    rstudioapi_0.18.0   knitr_1.51
    #> [46] latticeExtra_0.6-31 farver_2.1.2        htmltools_0.5.9
    #> [49] labeling_0.4.3      rmarkdown_2.30      testthat_3.3.2
    #> [52] compiler_4.5.0      S7_0.2.1

# References

Hodgkins, Suzanne B., Curtis J. Richardson, René Dommain, Hongjun Wang, Paul H. Glaser, Brittany Verbeke, B. Rose Winkler, et al. 2018. “Tropical Peatland Carbon Storage Linked to Global Latitudinal Trends in Peat Recalcitrance.” Nature Communications 9 (1): 3640. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06050-2.