Add credit ratios for debt service, interest cover, debt yield, and forward loan-to-value

Description

Align a project cash-flow table with a debt schedule and compute standard credit ratios for each period:

• debt service coverage ratio (DSCR),

• interest cover ratio (ICR),

• initial and current debt yield,

• forward loan-to-value (LTV) based on next-period NOI.

Optionally, simple covenant flags are added when threshold values are supplied.

Usage

add_credit_ratios(
  cf_tab,
  debt_sched,
  exit_yield,
  covenants = NULL,
  dscr_basis = c("noi", "gei", "cfads"),
  cfads_ti_lc = NULL,
  ignore_balloon_in_min = FALSE,
  maturity_year = NULL
)

Arguments

Value

A tibble equal to cf_tab with the following additional columns:

• gei, noi (created if missing),

• payment, interest, outstanding_debt,

• noi_fwd, value_forward,

• dscr, interest_cover_ratio,

• debt_yield_init, debt_yield_current,

• ltv_forward,

• covenant indicators when covenants is supplied.

When ignore_balloon_in_min = TRUE and maturity_year is provided, the object also carries an attribute "min_dscr_pre_maturity" containing the minimum DSCR before maturity.

Examples

cf_tab <- data.frame(
  year = 0:3,
  gei  = c(0, 120, 123, 126),
  opex = c(0, 40, 41, 42),
  loan_init = c(2000, NA, NA, NA)
)

debt_sched <- data.frame(
  year = 0:3,
  payment = c(0, 150, 150, 2150),
  interest = c(0, 100, 95, 90),
  outstanding_debt = c(2000, 2000, 1950, 1900),
  debt_draw = c(2000, 0, 0, 0)
)

out <- add_credit_ratios(
  cf_tab = cf_tab,
  debt_sched = debt_sched,
  exit_yield = 0.05,
  covenants = list(dscr_min = 1.10, ltv_max = 0.70)
)

out

Rate conversion (decimal vs bps)

Description

Rate conversion (decimal vs bps)

Usage

as_rate(dec = NULL, bps = NULL)

Arguments

Value

numeric(1) as decimal.

Serialize a validated configuration list to YAML

Description

Validates a configuration list against the package grammar using cfg_validate() and serializes it to a YAML file on disk. This helper is intended for reproducibility and interoperability, allowing a fully specified in-memory configuration to be persisted and reused in subsequent runs or edited manually by users.

Validates config and writes it to path as 'YAML'.

Usage

as_yaml(config, path)

as_yaml(config, path)

Arguments

Details

The function performs validation before writing to disk. If validation fails, an error is raised and no file is written. The YAML output is a direct serialization of the validated configuration list and therefore preserves all fields, including nested structures.

Value

The input path, returned invisibly, to allow use in pipelines.

The input path, invisibly.

Examples

tmp <- tempfile(fileext = ".yml")
cfg <- dcf_spec_template()
cfg$entry_yield <- 0.06
as_yaml(cfg, tmp)
stopifnot(file.exists(tmp))

cfg <- dcf_spec_template()
cfg$entry_yield <- 0.06
tmp <- tempfile(fileext = ".yml")
as_yaml(cfg, tmp)
stopifnot(file.exists(tmp))
unlink(tmp)

Stylised rent table (lease cash-flow)

Description

Builds a minimal year-noi table for n_years with optionally vectorised vacancy rates.

Usage

build_lease_table(rent_signed, surface_m2, n_years, vac_rate_vec = 0)

Arguments

Value

tibble(year, noi).

Examples

build_lease_table(400, 2500, n_years = 5, vac_rate_vec = c(0, .05, .1))

Equity cash flows and metrics in the presence of debt

Description

Computes equity cash flows over t = 0..N from an unlevered Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) and an annual debt schedule, then derives equity IRR and equity NPV. The convention is that free_cash_flow includes the acquisition at t = 0 as a negative flow and includes operating free cash flows for t >= 1. Sale proceeds are booked at t = N via sale_proceeds.

Usage

cf_compute_levered(dcf_res, debt_sched, cfg)

Arguments

Value

A list with:

• equity_cf: numeric vector of equity cash flows,

• metrics: list with irr_equity, npv_equity, equity_0, loan_draw_0,

• full: dcf_res$cashflows enriched by add_credit_ratios().

Examples

dcf <- dcf_calculate(
  acq_price = 1e7, entry_yield = 0.05, exit_yield = 0.055,
  horizon_years = 10, disc_rate = 0.07
)
sch <- debt_built_schedule(
  principal = 6e6, rate_annual = 0.045, maturity = 5, type = "bullet"
)
out <- cf_compute_levered(
  dcf_res = dcf,
  debt_sched = sch,
  cfg = list(ltv_init = 0.6, arrangement_fee_pct = 0, capitalized_fees = TRUE)
)
stopifnot(is.numeric(out$metrics$irr_equity) || is.na(out$metrics$irr_equity))
stopifnot(is.numeric(out$equity_cf))

Assemble the full cash-flow table (discounted cash flow and debt)

Description

Builds an annual table by merging operating cash flows from a discounted cash flow model with a debt schedule; standardises gross effective income (GEI) and net operating income (NOI), computes post-debt cash flows, the equity cash flow, and discounted equity cash flows. Enforces a minimal contract on expected columns on both inputs.

Usage

cf_make_full_table(dcf, schedule)

Arguments

Details

Invariants and checks:

• Stop if required columns are missing on the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) or the debt side.

• Stop if payment[year == 0] != 0.

• Warn if debt_draw[year == 0] <= 0.

Value

A merged tibble (join on year) containing:

• all input columns from the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) and the debt schedule,

• df (alias of discount_factor),

• cf_pre_debt (= free_cash_flow),

• cf_post_debt (= free_cash_flow - payment - arrangement_fee + debt_draw),

• equity_flow (= cf_post_debt + sale_proceeds),

• equity_disc (= equity_flow / df).

Examples

cf <- tibble::tibble(
  year = 0:2,
  net_operating_income = c(NA, 120, 124),
  opex = c(0, 20, 21),
  capex = c(0, 5, 5),
  free_cash_flow = c(-100, 95, 98),
  sale_proceeds = c(0, 0, 150),
  discount_factor = c(1, 1.05, 1.1025)
)
dcf <- list(cashflows = cf)

schedule <- tibble::tibble(
  year = 0:2,
  debt_draw = c(60, 0, 0),
  interest = c(0, 3, 2),
  amortization = c(0, 10, 50),
  payment = interest + amortization,
  arrangement_fee = c(0.6, 0, 0),
  outstanding_debt = c(60, 50, 0)
)

res <- cf_make_full_table(dcf, schedule)
res

Explain effective parameters after normalization

Description

Produces a compact tibble that reports selected effective inputs used by the engine after validation and normalization (see cfg_normalize()).

Usage

cfg_explain(config)

Arguments

Value

A tibble with selected effective parameters and derived values.

Examples

cfg <- dcf_spec_template()
cfg$acq_price_ht <- 1e6
ex <- cfg_explain(cfg)
str(ex)

Report missing or inconsistent fields in a config list

Description

Runs lightweight checks aligned with cfg_validate() and returns a table of issues, if any. This is a convenience wrapper for user-facing diagnostics; it does not replace cfg_validate().

Usage

cfg_missing(config)

Arguments

Value

A tibble with columns field, problem, hint, or an empty tibble if no issues are detected.

Examples

tib <- cfg_missing(list())
tib

Normalize YAML into canonical Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)/debt parameters

Description

Converts a raw YAML configuration into a set of scalars and vectors directly usable by dcf_calculate() and debt_built_schedule().

Usage

cfg_normalize(cfg)

Arguments

Value

list including in particular:

• disc_rate, exit_yield, exit_cost,

• acq_price_ht, acq_price_di,

• ltv_init, rate_annual, maturity, type,

• arrangement_fee_pct, capitalized_fees,

• noi_vec, opex_vec, capex_vec (vectors of length N).

Validate YAML configuration structure

Description

Validate YAML configuration structure

Usage

cfg_validate(cfg)

Arguments

Value

cfg invisibly (or error if invalid).

Compare three financing structures on a common Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) base

Description

Build and compare three financing setups for a given unlevered DCF:

• an all-equity case,

• a bullet debt structure,

• an amortizing debt structure.

All three scenarios share the same acquisition base, interest rate, maturity and target LTV. The function returns a summary table of key investment and credit metrics, together with detailed objects for each scenario.

Usage

compare_financing_scenarios(
  dcf_res,
  acq_price,
  ltv,
  rate,
  maturity,
  covenants = list(dscr_min = 1.25, ltv_max = 0.65)
)

Arguments

Value

A list with two components:

Compute equity invested at t0 (acquisition costs already included in acq_price)

Description

Compute equity invested at t0 (acquisition costs already included in acq_price)

Usage

compute_equity_invest(
  acq_price,
  ltv_init,
  arrangement_fee_pct = 0,
  capitalized_fees = TRUE
)

Arguments

Value

A list with: equity_0, loan_draw_0, fees_init, fees_cap.

Levered summary (equity cash flows and equity metrics)

Description

Builds equity cash flows from a Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) table and a standardised debt schedule.

Usage

compute_leveraged_metrics(dcf_res, debt_sched, equity_invest)

Arguments

Value

list containing irr_equity, npv_equity, cashflows (levered table), and a reminder of the project-level metrics.

Quick computation of year-1 NOI

Description

Quick computation of year-1 NOI

Usage

compute_noi_y1(rent_signed, lettable_area, vac_rate = 0)

Arguments

Value

numeric(1) NOI_{y1} rounded to cents.

Examples

compute_noi_y1(400, 2500, vac_rate = 0.05)

Unlevered summary (project metrics)

Description

Derives project-level metrics from the standard DCF table.

Usage

compute_unleveraged_metrics(dcf_res)

Arguments

Value

list containing irr_project, npv_project, irr_equity, npv_equity, and cashflows.

Glossary of CRE finance and modelling terms

Description

Bilingual glossary (English/French) of the main commercial real estate finance and discounted cash-flow modelling terms used in the package. Definitions are intended to be short, operational and consistent with the usage in vignettes and function documentation.

Usage

cre_glossary

Format

A tibble with one row per term and the following columns:

term_id

Short, unique identifier used internally (e.g. "irr", "dscr").

term_en

Canonical English label.

term_fr

Canonical French label.

definition_en

Operational English definition (2–4 lines).

definition_fr

Operational French definition (2–4 lines).

category

High-level category (e.g. "discounted_cash_flow", "debt_metrics", "portfolio", "leasing").

subcategory

Optional subcategory (e.g. "return", "risk", "covenant").

see_also

Comma-separated list of related term_id values.

See Also

Vignette vignette("glossary", package = "cre.dcf")

Explicitly standardise GEI and NOI columns in a Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) cash-flow table

Description

Guarantees the presence of numeric columns gei and noi in a cash-flow table, to make explicit the income base used for the unlevered project IRR. In this package, gei denotes gross effective income (after vacancy and rent-free effects) and noi is computed as gei - opex.

The input may provide gei directly, or a legacy column net_operating_income which is interpreted here as gei (compatibility with earlier pipelines).

Usage

dcf_add_noi_columns(cf_tab)

Arguments

Value

A tibble with guaranteed numeric columns gei and noi. Existing noi is preserved when present, but a warning is emitted if it differs from gei - opex beyond a small tolerance.

Examples

# Minimal example with a legacy column name (net_operating_income interpreted as GEI)
cf_tab <- tibble::tibble(
  year = 0:2,
  net_operating_income = c(0, 120, 124),
  opex = c(0, 20, 21)
)
dcf_add_noi_columns(cf_tab)

# Example where GEI is provided explicitly and NOI is already present
cf_tab2 <- tibble::tibble(
  year = 0:2,
  gei  = c(0, 120, 124),
  opex = c(0, 20, 21),
  noi  = c(0, 100, 103)
)
dcf_add_noi_columns(cf_tab2)

Unlevered discounted cash flow model for a commercial real estate asset

Description

Builds an indexed annual pro forma over years 0..N, a terminal value, and unlevered valuation metrics including net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) for a directly held commercial real estate (CRE) asset, without debt. The income base is net operating income (NOI).

Usage

dcf_calculate(
  acq_price,
  entry_yield,
  exit_yield,
  horizon_years,
  disc_rate,
  exit_cost = 0,
  capex = 0,
  index_rent = 0,
  vacancy = 0,
  opex = 0,
  noi = NULL
)

Arguments

Details

Time convention: year = 0..N. The acquisition is booked at year = 0 in free_cash_flow as a negative cash flow equal to the acquisition price, and the sale is booked only at year = N in sale_proceeds. The project NPV corresponds to the sum of discounted_cash_flow.

Two construction modes are available for the NOI path:

• Top-down mode (default): when noi is NULL, the NOI path is derived from the entry yield and acquisition price: NOI[1] = entry_yield * acq_price, then indexed with index_rent and adjusted by vacancy.

• Bottom-up mode: when noi is supplied (scalar or vector), it is recycled to length N and used as the NOI[1..N] path. In this case, entry_yield, index_rent, and vacancy are not used to recompute NOI.

Value

A list with:

• inputs: list of main assumptions,

• cashflows: tibble 0..N with standardised columns,

• npv: project net present value (NPV),

• irr_project: project internal rate of return (IRR), unlevered.

Examples

res <- dcf_calculate(
  acq_price = 1000,
  entry_yield = 0.06,
  exit_yield = 0.055,
  horizon_years = 3,
  disc_rate = 0.08,
  capex = c(5, 5, 0),
  index_rent = c(0.01, 0.01, 0.01),
  vacancy = c(0.05, 0.05, 0),
  opex = c(10, 10, 10)
)
res$npv
res$irr_project
head(res$cashflows)

Read a configuration YAML

Description

Read a configuration YAML

Usage

dcf_read_config(
  config_file = system.file("extdata", "preset_default.yml", package = "cre.dcf")
)

Arguments

Value

list

Minimal specification template for a Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) case

Description

Returns a ready-to-edit list that matches the package's YAML grammar. Use this for interactive prototyping or to generate a YAML file.

Usage

dcf_spec_template()

Value

A named list with all required top-level keys and sane defaults.

Examples

cfg <- dcf_spec_template()
str(cfg, max.level = 1)

Write a commented YAML template for users to edit

Description

Creates a 'YAML' file on disk from dcf_spec_template(), suitable for manual editing.

Usage

dcf_write_yaml_template(path)

Arguments

Value

The input path, invisibly.

Examples

tmp <- tempfile(fileext = ".yml")
dcf_write_yaml_template(tmp)
stopifnot(file.exists(tmp))
unlink(tmp)

Debt schedule for bullet and amortising loans

Description

Creates an annual schedule indexed from 0..maturity with an initial draw at year = 0, interest, amortisation, total payment, and end-of-year outstanding balance. The convention is no payment at year = 0. For both loan types, the outstanding principal is 0 at maturity up to rounding.

Usage

debt_built_schedule(
  principal,
  rate_annual,
  maturity,
  type = c("amort", "bullet"),
  extra_amort_pct = 0,
  arrangement_fee_pct = 0
)

Arguments

Value

A tibble with columns year, debt_draw, interest, amortization, payment, arrangement_fee, outstanding_debt, and loan_init.

Examples

sch_b <- debt_built_schedule(6e6, 0.045, maturity = 5, type = "bullet")
sch_a <- debt_built_schedule(6e6, 0.045, maturity = 5, type = "amort")
sch_b
sch_a

Derive an exit yield from an entry yield and a spread (bps)

Description

Derive an exit yield from an entry yield and a spread (bps)

Usage

derive_exit_yield(entry_yield, spread_bps)

Arguments

Value

numeric(1) Exit yield in decimal form.

Examples

derive_exit_yield(0.055, 50) # 0.060

Discount factor

Description

Discount factor

Usage

discount_factor(r, t)

Safely compute the equity multiple for an equity cash-flow series

Description

This helper computes the equity multiple as total distributions divided by total contributions in absolute value.

Usage

equity_multiple_safe(cf_equity)

Arguments

Value

A single numeric scalar giving the equity multiple.

Examples

equity_multiple_safe(c(-100, 10, 10, 110))
equity_multiple_safe(c(-100, 30, 70))


err <- try(equity_multiple_safe(c(-100, -20)), silent = TRUE)
stopifnot(inherits(err, "try-error"))

Covenant flags after computing credit ratios

Description

Adds logical indicator columns for covenant breaches based on three ratios: debt service coverage ratio (DSCR), forward loan-to-value ratio (LTV), and current debt yield.

Usage

flag_covenants(cf, cov)

Arguments

Value

The input table cf enriched with logical columns cov_dscr_breach, cov_ltv_breach, and cov_dy_breach.

Examples

cf <- tibble::tibble(
  year = 1:3,
  dscr = c(1.40, 1.10, NA),
  ltv_forward = c(0.60, 0.70, 0.64),
  debt_yield_current = c(0.09, 0.07, 0.08)
)
cov <- list(dscr_min = 1.25, ltv_max = 0.65, debt_yield_min = 0.08)
flag_covenants(cf, cov)

Forward value from next-period NOI

Description

Compute a forward-value vector based on next-period NOI and an exit yield. Given a series of annual NOI values, the function constructs a vector NOI can be obtained either from a fixed forward growth rate or from a simple extrapolation of observed growth.

Usage

forward_value_from_noi(noi_vec, exit_yield, g_forward = NA_real_)

Arguments

Value

A numeric vector of forward values with the same length as noi_vec.

Safe access to nested YAML values

Description

Safe access to nested YAML values

Usage

get_cfg(cfg, ..., default = NULL)

Arguments

Value

value or default.

Guardrail on an input rate (message if scale likely incorrect)

Description

Guardrail on an input rate (message if scale likely incorrect)

Usage

guard_rate(x, name)

Arguments

Value

numeric(1) unchanged.

Initial debt fees (arrangement fee)

Description

Initial debt fees (arrangement fee)

Usage

init_debt_fees(loan_draw_0, arrangement_fee_pct = 0, capitalized = TRUE)

Arguments

Value

A list: amount (numeric), capitalized (logical).

IRR decomposition between operations and resale

Description

Approximates the relative contribution of:

• operational cash flows (acquisition + NOI - capex - opex),

• resale (net sale in year N), to the total IRR, using NPV shares (share) and mapping them to irr_total (irr_contrib = irr_total * share).

Usage

irr_partition(cashflows, tv_disc = NULL, irr_total, initial_investment = NULL)

Arguments

Value

tibble(component, share, irr_contrib) with two rows: "Operations" and "Resale".

Robust internal rate of return (adaptive bracketing)

Description

Computes a real IRR from a vector of dated cash flows t = 0, \dots, T. The algorithm first searches for a root in an initial interval [lower, upper]. If this interval does not bracket a root (that is, if the net present value function does not change sign), the upper bound is expanded multiplicatively up to max_upper.

If the cash-flow series exhibits no sign change (all flows are >= 0 or all <= 0), or if no root can be bracketed after expansion, the function silently returns NA_real_ (optionally with a warning if warn = TRUE).

Usage

irr_safe(
  cf,
  lower = -0.9999,
  upper = 0.1,
  max_upper = 10000,
  tol = sqrt(.Machine$double.eps),
  warn = FALSE
)

Arguments

Value

A numeric scalar (decimal rate) corresponding to the IRR, or NA_real_ if the IRR is not defined or could not be located numerically.

Examples

irr_safe(c(-100, 60, 60))   # IRR defined
irr_safe(c(-100, -20, -5))  # no sign change -> NA

Aggregate lease events into annual vectors aligned on base_year..base_year+horizon-1

Description

Converts a list of lease events into annual vectors for rent, vacancy, free months, tenant capex (€/sqm), and a new_lease flag. The ⁠[start, end]⁠ convention is used: an event applies to years y with start <= y <= end. Overlaps within a unit resolve as: rent/vac/new_lease: last event wins; capex_sqm/free_months: accumulated at start year. Returned vectors are non-indexed (indexation is applied later in cfg_normalize()).

Usage

leases_tbl_structuration(ev, horizon, base_year)

Arguments

Value

list with numeric vectors of length horizon: rent, vac, free, capex_sqm, new_lease.

Load a canonical style preset from YAML

Description

This loader follows exactly the same logic as the vignette: it only reads YAMLs from inst/extdata inside the installed package.

Usage

load_style_preset(style)

Net present value at constant rate

Description

NPV of cf evaluated at times (default 0..T).

Usage

npv_rate(cf, rate, times = seq_along(cf) - 1L)

Arguments

Value

numeric(1) NPV.

Or-or helper

Description

Or-or helper

Usage

a %||% b

Acquisition price from an entry capitalization rate

Description

Converts a given NOI_y1 and entry_yield into a net purchase price (HT) and an all-in price including acquisition costs (via acq_cost_rate).

Usage

price_from_cap(noi_y1, entry_yield, acq_cost_rate = 0)

Arguments

Value

list(ht = net price, di = all-in price).

Examples

price_from_cap(500000, 0.05, acq_cost_rate = 0.07)

Monetary rounding to 2 decimals

Description

Monetary rounding to 2 decimals

Usage

rnd(x)

Run a full DCF case from a list or a YAML file

Description

User-facing single entry point. Accepts either an in-memory config list or a config_file path to YAML. Both routes share the same validation and normalization pathway, ensuring identical downstream behavior.

Usage

run_case(
  config = NULL,
  config_file = NULL,
  debt_type = c("bullet", "amort"),
  ltv_base = c("price_di", "price_ht", "value")
)

Arguments

Details

The function centralizes user ergonomics:

• Reads either a list or a YAML file.

• Validates and normalizes with cfg_validate() and cfg_normalize().

• Computes the unlevered discounted cash flow (DCF), builds a debt schedule, computes leveraged metrics, and adds credit ratios to the full cash-flow table.

• Handles capitalized arrangement fees by adjusting the scheduled principal to avoid double-counting.

Value

A list containing pricing (acquisition price net of taxes, acquisition costs, and acquisition price including costs), all-equity metrics, leveraged metrics, a comparison table, the full cash-flow table with credit ratios, and selected configuration flags.

Examples

# R list route
cfg <- dcf_spec_template()
cfg$leases <- list(
  list(
    unit = "U",
    area = 1000,
    events = list(
      list(
        start = cfg$purchase_year,
        end   = cfg$purchase_year + cfg$horizon_years,  # keep NOI positive in terminal year
        rent = 200,
        free_months = 0,
        capex_sqm = 0,
        vac = 0,
        new_lease = 0
      )
    )
  )
)
out <- run_case(config = cfg, debt_type = "bullet")
names(out)

Canonical pipeline from a YAML file

Description

Canonical pipeline from a YAML file

Usage

run_from_config(config_file, ltv_base = c("price_ht", "price_di", "value"))

Arguments

Value

list(dcf, debt, full, ratios, norm)

Robust selection of terminal NOI for resale valuation

Description

Chooses a stabilised net operating income (NOI) for terminal value calculation, using a hierarchical decision rule designed to mitigate distortions driven by vacancy, capital expenditure, or atypical end-of-horizon cash-flow patterns.

The selection logic proceeds as follows:

1. If NOI_N is (numerically) zero and force_theoretical_if_noi_n_zero is TRUE, use noi_theoretical when provided.

2. If year N is clean (zero vacancy, zero capex, and NOI_N > 0), use NOI_N.

3. If year N is distorted but year N-1 is clean and NOI_{N-1} > 0, use NOI_{N-1}.

4. Otherwise, if noi_theoretical is provided, use it.

5. As a last resort, fall back to NOI_N. A warning is emitted only when NOI_N <= 0.

Usage

select_terminal_noi(
  noi,
  vacancy = NULL,
  capex = NULL,
  noi_theoretical = NULL,
  force_theoretical_if_noi_n_zero = TRUE
)

Arguments

Value

Numeric scalar giving the NOI retained for capitalization.

Apply scenario shocks to a set of Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) assumptions

Description

Applies additive shifts (rates and yields in decimal form) or proportional scalings (NOI, CAPEX) to a list of parameters. Preserves field names.

Usage

simulate_shock(cfg, deltas = list())

Arguments

Value

list cfg_choc with the same structure as cfg.

Extract bullet credit-ratio path for a style preset

Description

For a given style, this helper:

• loads the preset YAML via load_style_preset(),

• runs the case through run_case(),

• extracts the 'ratios' table for the bullet-debt scenario.

Usage

style_bullet_ratios(style)

Arguments

Details

The output is a tibble with the original ratio columns plus a 'style' column identifying the preset.

Value

A tibble containing at least columns: year, dscr, ltv_forward, style.

Count covenant breaches by style under the bullet-debt scenario

Description

This helper aggregates, for a set of styles, the number of periods in which bullet-debt credit metrics breach simple covenant guardrails:

• DSCR < min_dscr_guard,

• forward LTV > max_ltv_guard.

Usage

styles_breach_counts(
  styles = c("core", "core_plus", "value_added", "opportunistic"),
  min_dscr_guard = 1.2,
  max_ltv_guard = 0.65
)

Arguments

Details

It relies on style_bullet_ratios(), which is expected to return, for each style, a tibble of yearly ratios in the bullet-debt scenario with at least the columns: style, year, dscr, ltv_forward.

Value

A tibble with one row per style and the columns:

• style (factor, levels = styles),

• n_dscr_breach: number of years with dscr < min_dscr_guard,

• n_ltv_breach: number of years with ltv_forward > max_ltv_guard. Year 0 is excluded from the counts.

Break-even exit yield for a target leveraged equity IRR, by style

Description

For each style, this helper solves (via uniroot()) for the exit yield that delivers a specified target leveraged equity IRR, holding all other assumptions of the preset constant.

Usage

styles_break_even_exit_yield(
  styles,
  target_irr,
  interval = c(0.03, 0.1),
  config_dir = system.file("extdata", package = "cre.dcf")
)

Arguments

Details

It proceeds by:

• reading the YAML preset,

• defining a root-finding function that, for a candidate absolute exit yield, adjusts exit_yield_spread_bps accordingly,

• calling run_case() and returning the difference between the resulting equity IRR and target_irr,

• bracketing the root over a user-specified interval.

The lower the break-even exit yield, the tighter the exit_pricing assumption that must be met to reach the hurdle, and the more the style depends on favourable market_conditions at sale.

Value

A tibble with columns:

• style (character),

• target_irr (numeric),

• be_exit_yield (numeric, break-even exit yield in decimal, or NA if no root was found in interval).

Distressed exit diagnostic across CRE investment styles

Description

This helper applies a simple lender-driven distressed-exit rule to a set of canonical style presets. For each style and covenant regime, it:

1. Runs the baseline case via run_case().

2. Identifies the first covenant breach under the bullet-debt scenario (DSCR and forward LTV).

3. Optionally shifts very early breaches to a minimum refinancing year (refinancing window logic).

4. Re-runs the case with a shortened horizon and a fire-sale exit-yield penalty, and extracts:

   • distressed equity IRR (possibly NA),

   • distressed equity multiple and loss percentage,

   • distressed sale value.

Usage

styles_distressed_exit(
  styles,
  regimes,
  fire_sale_bps = 100,
  refi_min_year = 3L,
  allow_year1_distress = TRUE,
  ext_dir = system.file("extdata", package = "cre.dcf")
)

Arguments

Value

A tibble with one row per combination of style and regime, and the columns:

• style, regime, min_dscr, max_ltv,

• breach_year, breach_type,

• irr_equity_base, irr_equity_distress,

• distress_undefined (logical),

• equity_multiple_base, equity_multiple_distress,

• equity_loss_pct_base, equity_loss_pct_distress,

• sale_value_distress.

Extract leveraged equity cash flows by style

Description

This helper loads a set of preset styles from YAML, runs each configuration through [run_case()] under the leveraged (debt) scenario, and extracts the yearly equity cash flows. It is primarily used in vignettes and tests to document the time profile of equity outflows and inflows by style.

Usage

styles_equity_cashflows(
  styles,
  config_dir = system.file("extdata", package = "cre.dcf")
)

Arguments

Details

For each style, the function:

1. reads preset_<style>.yml from config_dir;

2. calls [run_case()] and accesses out$leveraged$cashflows;

3. returns the pair (year, equity_cf) with a style label.

The sign convention follows [compute_leveraged_metrics()]: the initial equity outlay at t = 0 is negative, subsequent net equity distributions are positive when cash is returned to equity.

Value

A tibble with columns:

• style (character),

• year (integer),

• equity_cf (numeric), the leveraged equity cash flow in year year.

Exit-yield sensitivity of leveraged equity IRR by style

Description

For each style, this helper:

• loads the corresponding YAML preset,

• perturbs the exit_yield_spread_bps parameter by a grid of deltas,

• reruns run_case() for each perturbation,

• collects the leveraged equity IRR.

Usage

styles_exit_sensitivity(
  styles,
  delta_bps = c(-50, 0, 50),
  config_dir = system.file("extdata", package = "cre.dcf")
)

Arguments

Details

Economically, this approximates how sensitive each style's equity IRR is to small shifts in the exit_yield, and therefore to terminal_value risk. Strategies that concentrate value creation at exit (e.g. value_added, opportunistic) should display stronger IRR reactions to a given shock.

Value

A tibble with columns:

• style (character),

• shock_bps (numeric, the applied spread shock),

• irr_equity (numeric, leveraged equity IRR under the shock).

Rental-growth (indexation) sensitivity of leveraged equity IRR by style

Description

This helper perturbs the global index_rate parameter of each style preset by a given grid of additive shocks and recomputes the leveraged equity IRR.

Usage

styles_growth_sensitivity(
  styles,
  delta = c(-0.01, 0, 0.01),
  config_dir = system.file("extdata", package = "cre.dcf")
)

Arguments

Details

It therefore measures how dependent each style is on rental_growth (via indexation and lease renewals) to reach its target equity_IRR. In canonical calibrations, core strategies tend to be less sensitive than value_added or opportunistic profiles, which rely more heavily on growth and lease-up.

Value

A tibble with columns:

• style (character),

• shock_growth (numeric, growth shock added to index_rate),

• irr_equity (numeric, leveraged equity IRR under the shock).

Compute the style-by-style manifest for canonical presets

Description

This helper runs the four canonical style presets ("core", "core_plus", "value_added", "opportunistic") through [run_case()] and extracts a compact set of indicators that are salient for both investors and lenders:

Usage

styles_manifest(
  styles = c("core", "core_plus", "value_added", "opportunistic")
)

Arguments

Details

• project IRR (all-equity),

• equity IRR (levered),

• minimum DSCR under a bullet structure,

• initial LTV at origination under a bullet structure,

• maximum forward LTV under a bullet structure,

• equity NPV.

The result is a tibble that can be reused both in vignettes and in automated tests to ensure that the canonical presets preserve the intended risk–return and leverage–coverage hierarchies.

Value

A tibble with one row per style and the columns: style, class, irr_project, irr_equity, dscr_min_bul, ltv_init, ltv_max_fwd, npv_equity.

Present-value split between income and resale by style

Description

For each style preset, this helper:

• runs run_case() under the all-equity scenario,

• takes the cash-flow table used for the unlevered DCF,

• discounts positive cash inflows at the DCF discount rate,

• decomposes the resulting present value into:

  • income = free cash flow excluding resale proceeds,

  • resale = terminal sale proceeds.

Usage

styles_pv_split(
  styles,
  config_dir = system.file("extdata", package = "cre.dcf")
)

Arguments

Details

Year 0 (initial outlay) is excluded from the income/resale split so that shares remain numerically stable and interpretable.

Value

A tibble with columns: style, pv_income, pv_resale, share_pv_income, share_pv_resale.

Re-evaluate styles under a yield-plus-growth discounting rule

Description

This helper re-runs a set of preset styles under a simplified "yield_plus_growth" discounting convention, leaving all cash-flow assumptions unchanged. It is primarily used in vignettes and tests to check that the qualitative ordering of styles (in terms of equity IRR and NPV) is robust to the choice of discounting scheme.

Usage

styles_revalue_yield_plus_growth(
  styles,
  config_dir = system.file("extdata", package = "cre.dcf")
)

Arguments

Details

For each style, the function:

1. loads the corresponding YAML preset file;

2. overrides disc_method <- "yield_plus_growth";

3. sets disc_rate_yield_plus_growth so that the property yield equals entry_yield and the growth component equals index_rate;

4. calls [run_case()] and extracts the leveraged equity IRR and NPV.

Value

A tibble with one row per style and the columns:

• style (character),

• irr_equity_y: leveraged equity IRR under the "yield_plus_growth" convention,

• npv_equity_y: leveraged equity NPV under the same convention.

Summarise a financing scenario from ratios and metrics

Description

Builds a one-line summary for a given scenario using:

• levered / unlevered metrics (IRR / NPV);

• credit ratios computed by add_credit_ratios().

Usage

summarize_case(tag, lev_obj, rat_tbl, maturity)

Arguments

Details

Canonical rules (maturity = horizon_years)

Maturity is now strictly equal to the investment horizon, without implicit fallbacks such as min(N, 5).

As a consequence:

• min DSCR takes the value of the attribute min_dscr_pre_maturity if available (set by add_credit_ratios(ignore_balloon_in_min = TRUE)).

• Otherwise, min DSCR is the minimum over years 1 ... maturity-1 (all operational years before the balloon repayment).

• max forward LTV is the maximum over years 1 ... maturity, always explicitly excluding t = 0.

Value

Tibble with columns: scenario, irr_equity, npv_equity, irr_project, npv_project, min_dscr, max_ltv_forward.

Sensitivity grid (rate / exit yield) and monotonicity of ratios

Description

For each (rate, exit_yield) pair, builds a bullet schedule, merges it with dcf_calculate() cash flows, computes ratios via add_credit_ratios(), and returns min_dscr (t >= 1) and max_ltv_forward (t >= 1).

Usage

sweep_sensitivities(
  dcf_res,
  rate_grid,
  exit_yield_grid,
  ltv = 0.6,
  maturity = 5L
)

Arguments

Value

tibble with columns rate, exit_yield, min_dscr, max_ltv_forward.

Test the feasibility of a refinancing at year T (interest-only diagnostic)

Description

Assesses at \(T\) the simultaneous feasibility of DSCR and forward LTV covenants assuming an interest-only payment at \(T+1\). This diagnostic isolates covenant feasibility from the precise structure of the new loan.

Usage

test_refi(full, year_T, covenants, new_rate, new_exit_yield)

Arguments

Value

list with status ("ok"/"fail"), reasons (character) and snapshot (tibble).